Keywords: Birds; Brevard County (FL); Geographic Information Systems; Habitat (Ecology); Kennedy Space Center (FL); Land Management; Land Use; Mapping; Merritt Island (FL); Populations; Remote Sensing; Scrub Jays;

Abstract: This study is an example of how remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS) applications can provide information for land-use planning, habitat management, and the evaluation of cumulative impacts. GIS were used to map areas of primary and secondary Florida Scrub Jay habitat on Kennedy Space Center (KSC) using vegetation and soils maps. Data from field studies were used for accuracy assessment and evaluating the importance of mapping classes.

Keywords: Biodegradation; Biomass; Bioreactors; CELSS; Decomposition; Kennedy Space Center (FL); Life Support Systems; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Plants (Botany); Recycling; Waste Management;

Abstract: Three intermediate-scale aerobic bioreactors were designed, fabricated, and operated at the Kennedy Space Center. The bioreactors were successfully used to maintain, monitor, and control aerobic biodegradation experiments. Liquid effluent from the biodegradation process was shown to contain sufficient inorganic nutrient levels to support the hydroponic growth of candidate CELSS food-crops.

Keywords: Acids; Environment Effects; Environmental Monitoring; Exhaust Clouds; Geographic Information Systems; Kennedy Space Center (FL); Launch Effects; Launching Pads; Rocket Exhaust; Solid Rocket Boosters; Space Shuttle Boosters; Space Shuttle Main Engines;

Keywords: Data Bases; Decision Support Systems; Environment Management; Environmental Monitoring; Expert Systems; Geographic Information Systems; Kennedy Space Center (FL);

Abstract: Geographic information systems (GIS), simulation models, neural networks and expert-system software are some of the advanced technologies being used for data management, query, analysis and display. At the 140,000 acre John F. Kennedy Space Center, the Advanced Software Technology group has been supporting development and implementation of a program that integrates these and other rapidly evolving hardware and software capabilities into a comprehensive Mapping Analysis and Planning System (MAPS) based in a workstation/local area network environment.

Keywords: Endangered Species; Environmental Monitoring; Geographic Information Systems; Habitat (Ecology); Kennedy Space Center (FL); Launch Effects; Populations; Rocket Exhaust; Wildlife;

Abstract: The Biomedical Operations and Research Office (MD) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) uses geographic information systems (GIS) technology in its effort to monitor protected wildlife at Kennedy Space Center (KSC). NASA also uses GIS technology to monitor such episodic environmental impacts as Space Shuttle launch exhaust deposition.

Keywords: Fires; Habitats; Kennedy Space Center (FL); Population Density; Surveys; Turtles;

Abstract: Densities of gopher tortoises were compared with habitat characteristics in scrub and in flatwood habitats on the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. Little is published on tortoise densities in these habitats. The study objectives were to compare densities of tortoise in scrub and pine flatwoods habitats and to investigate the influence of time since the last fire on densities of tortoises.

Keywords: Chronology; Space Shuttles; Solid Rocket Boosters; Hubble Space Telescope; Awards; Contracts; Astronauts; Launches; Management; Space Station; Histories

Abstract: This document is intended to serve as a record of KSC events and as a reference source for historians and other researchers. Arrangement is by day and month and individual articles are attributed to published sources. This edition has an index on p. 272. Materials were researched and prepared by Sherikon Space Systems, Inc., EG&G Florida's subcontractor for KSC Library Services.

Keywords: Biological Diversity; Indian River Lagoon (FL); Marshes; Plants (Botany); Vegetation;

Abstract: The Indian River Lagoon (IRL) crosses a zone of climatic transition. Historically, marshes dominated saline and brackish environments in the north of the lagoon, while mangroves became important to the south. Distribution of marsh communities was influenced by hydrology, salinity, soil characteristics, and fire, as well as periodic freezes. Marshes of the IRL have been greatly modified since the 1940s. Despite significant modifications, marsh plant species have not been lost from the region, but community and landscape patterns have been greatly modified and ecosystem processes altered.

Keywords: Canopies (Vegetation); Plant Stress; Plants (Botany); Remote Sensing; Spectral Reflectance; Spectral Signatures; Spectrum Analysis; Vegetation Growth;

Abstract: Measurements of temporal reflectance signatures as a function of growing season for sand live oak, myrtle oak, and saw palmetto were collected during a two year study period. Results demonstrate a unique approach to the analysis of high spectral resolution reflectance signatures for estimation of several biophysical measures of plants at the leaf and canopy level from optimally selected bands or bandwidths.

Keywords: Brush (Botany); Carbon Dioxide Concentration; Kennedy Space Center (FL); Trees; Vegetation Growth;

Abstract: A 2.5 year (1992-1995) pilot study was conducted on the effects of twice ambient CO2 on native scrub oak-palmetto vegetation at Kennedy Space Center (KSC). The effects suggest that rising atmospheric CO2 will increase terrestrial carbon and alter the distribution of carbon among the different pools of carbon.

Keywords: Biological Diversity; Conferences; Environment Management; Estuaries; Indian River Lagoon (FL);

Abstract: The goal of the conference was to assemble and synthesize information on the current status of biodiversity in the lagoon. This synthesis will provide a framework for the formation of management recommendations that are to be included in the Comprehensive Conservation Management Plan for the lagoon under preparation by the National Estuary Program (NEP).

Keywords: Birds; Census; Indian River Lagoon (FL); Kennedy Space Center (FL); Population Density;

Keywords: Birds; Environment Models; Geographic Information Systems; Habitat (Ecology); Kennedy Space Center (FL); Populations; Scrub Jays;

Abstract: A habitat suitability index (HSI) model for the Florida Scrub Jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens coerulescens) was tested using a geographic information system for the Tel-4 study site on Kennedy Space Center, Florida. All measures of model performance suggested that the model accurately predicted habitat suitability for the Tel-4 study site,

Keywords: Birds; Endangered Species; Geographic Information Systems; Habitat (Ecology); Kennedy Space Center (FL); Population Density; Remote Sensing; Scrub Jays; Terrain;

Abstract: Habitat use by Florida Scrub Jays (Aphelocoma c. coerulescens) was quantified using circular plots. Habitat variation was mapped using high-resolution aerial photography on a site where all Florida Scrub Jays were color-banded. Nest site selection, nest success, yearling production, and breeder survival were measured within Florida Scrub Jay territories. The influences of landscape patterns on habitat use, reproductive success, survival, and territory size can be quantified at different scales starting with attributes associated with habitat patches, nest sites, and territories.

Keywords: Brevard County (FL); Brush (Botany); Environment Management; Habitat (Ecology); Plants (Botany); Population Density; Scrub Jay; Terrain;

Abstract: This study was part of a county-wide Habitat Conservation Planning process, known as the Scrub Conservation and Development Plan, which focused on an assessment of Scrub Jay populations in the non-federal lands of Brevard County. Appendix B is the Final Report, prepared by the Biological Consultant for the Scientific Advisory group of Scrub Conservation and Development Plan, Brevard County. It summarizes the program and schedule of work, the methodologies employed and the data and results collected.

Keywords: Biological Diversity; Conservation; Endangered Species; Estuaries; Geographic Information Systems; Habitats; Indian River Lagoon (FL); Marshlands; Shorelines;

Keywords: Chronology; Space Shuttles; Solid Rocket Boosters; Hubble Space Telescope; Awards; Contracts; Astronauts; Launches; Management; Space Stations; Histories; Cape Kennedy Launch Complex; NASA Space Programs; Space Shuttle Missions; Spacecraft Launching

Abstract: This document is intended to serve as a record of KSC events and as a reference source for historians and other researchers. Arrangement is by day and month and individual articles are attributed to published sources.

Keywords: Wind; Meteorology; Measurement; Anemometry; Airports; Space Shuttles

Abstract: This document presents results of a field study of the effect of sheltering of wind sensors by nearby foliage on the validity of wind measurements at the Space Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF). Standard measurements are made at one second intervals from 30 foot (9.1m) towers located 500 feet (152m) from the SLF centerline. The centerline winds are not exactly the same as those measured by the towers. A companion study, Merceret (1995), quantifies the differences as a function of statistics of the observed winds and the distance between the measurements and points of interest. This work examines the effect of nearby foilage on the accuracy of the measurements made by any one sensor, and the effects of averaging on interpretation of the measurements. The field program used logarithmically spaced portable wind towers to measure wind speed and direction over a range of conditions as a function of distance from the obstructing foliage. Appropiate statistics were computed. The results suggest that accurate measurements require foliage be cut back to OFCM standards. Analysis of averaging techniques showed that there is no significant difference between vector and scalar averages. Longer averaging periods reduce measurment error, but do not otherwise change the measurement in reasonably steady flow regimes. In rapidly changing conditions, shorter averaging periods may be required to capture trends.

Keywords: Anemometry; Airports; Wind; Meteorology; climatology; Data Processing; Landing Sites; Wind Measurement; Wind Velocity; Anemometers; Error Analysis; Spectrum Analysis; Wind Direction; Wind Vanes

Abstract: This document presents results of a field study of the effect of sensor spacing on the validity of wind measurements at the Space Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF). Standard measurements are made at one second intervals from 30 foot (9.1m) towers located 500 feet (152m) from the SLF centerline. The centerline winds are not exactly the same as those measured by the towers. This study quantifies the differences as a function of statistics of the observed winds and distance between the measurements and points of interest. The field program used logarithmically spaced portable wind towers to measure wind speed and direction over a range of conditions. Correlations, spectra, moments, and structure functions were computed. A universal normalization for structure functions was devised. The normalized structure functions increase as the 2/3 power of separation distance until an asymptotic value is approached. This occurs at spacings of several hundred feet (about 100m). At larger spacings, the structure functions are bounded by the asymptote. This enables quantitative estimates of the expected differences between the winds at the measurement point and the points of interest to be made from the measured wind statistics. A procedure is provided for making these estimates.

Keywords: Mesoscale Atmospheric Simulation system; Mesoscale Modeling; MASS; MASS Evaluation; MASS Installation

Abstract: The objective of this report is to describe the Applied Meteorology Unit's (AMU) installation and evaluation of the Mesoscale Atmospheric Simulation System (MASS). The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) funded Mesoscale Environmental Simulations and Operations (MESO), Inc., throught a Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) Phase II contract to develop a version of MASS configured specifically for short-range forecasting at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and Cape Canaveral Air Station (CCAS). In general, the evaluation revealed that MASS had no severe biases and did not produce unrealistic forecasts. The real-time evaluation of model output by operations forecasters found that MASS was occasionally more useful than operational models for short-range forecasting. However, there were also several instances where MASS was far off base and could have adversely affected forecasts. Based on results from all components of the MASS evaluation, a consensus was reached for the AMU to terminate all work with MASS. This consensus was based on the fact that the current version of MASS did not provide sufficient added value to justify the cost of continuing the evaluation with the intent to transition MASS for operational use. The report concludes with the AMU's recommendations for making MASS a cost-effective system.

Keywords: Air Pollution; Air Quality; Biomass; CELSS; Crop Growth; Ethylene; Life Support Systems; Plants (Botany)

Abstract: Ethylene production by stands of wheat, soybean, lettuce and potato was monitored throughout growth and development in NASA's Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) Biomass Production Chamber. Results suggest that ethylene production by plants is a normal event coupled to periods of rapid metabolic activity, and that ethylene removal or control measures should be considered for growing crops in a tightly closed CELSS. This paper was published in Adv. Space Res., Vol. 18, No. 4/5, pp. (4/5)193-(4/5)196, 1996.

Keywords: Biological Diversity; Indian River Lagoon (FL); Phytogeography; Vegatation Mapping;

Keywords: Bald Eagle; Competition (Biology); Eagles; Florida; Turkey Vultures; Vultures;

Keywords: Data Bases; Data Processing; Environment Management; Geographic Information Systems; Kennedy Space Center (FL);

Abstract: NASA started the Ecological Program 14 years ago to collect environmental data which can be used in making environmental management decisions. The EP team created the Mapping Analysis and Planning System (MAPS) to store all the data, including the appropriate tools for data analysis and exploration.

Keywords: Bird-song; Birds; Census; Playbacks; Population Density; Tape Recorders;

Abstract: The response of radio-tagged Black Rails to taped playback of vocalizations was monitored at 2 sites in Florida. The study refined tape playback census techniques for this poorly known species by documenting the frequency of response to tape playback and movement before vocal response. Black Rail density was determined using the response rate and distance measurements to calibrate circular plot density estimates.

Keywords: Crop Growth; Ethylene; Gravity; Rotating Bodies; Soybeans; Space Shuttle Payloads;

Abstract: The microgravity environment of spaceflight influences growth, morphology and metabolism in etiolated germinating soybean. To determine if clinorotation will similarly impact these processes, ground-based studies were conducted, in conjunction with two space experiments. Data suggest that slow clinorotation influences biomass partitioning and ethylene production in etiolated soybean plants.

Keywords: Biomass; Brush (Botany); Fires; Nutrients; Soils; Vegetation;

Abstract: Florida scrub vegetation is characterized by a shrub layer of evergreen sclerophylous species, ericads, repent palms, and other shrubs, usually occurring on well-drained, sandy soils low in nutrients, and burning in periodic, intense fires. Retention of nutrients in soils and regrowing vegetation after fire may be important to the persistence of scrub on low nutrient soils.

Keywords: Global Positioning System; Trimble Navigation;

Abstract: Trimble Navigation was one of the original contractors building military grade GPS receivers and has been a dominant manufacturer in the civilian market. Two Trimble user groups have been formed. By participating in GPS user groups, members become more aware of GPS capabilities and opportunities, meet people with similar interests and needs, expand business opportunities, and provide Trimble with valuable information needed to engineer better GPS equipment.

Keywords: Birds-Behavior; Florida; Vultures-Behavior;

Abstract: Several explanations have been offered for communal roosting in Black Vultures (Coragyps atratus), including use as an information center, foraging by local enhancement, and facilitation of group foraging and feeding. Patterns of roost use, and movements of individuals between communal roosts in central Florida were examined.

Keywords: Canopies (Vegetation); Environment Management; Florida; Plants (Botany); Remote Sensing; Spectral Reflectance; Spectral Signatures; Spectrum Analysis; Sunlight; Trees (Plants);

Abstract: Field measurements of reflectance and bulk attenuation, transmission and absorption as a function of wavelengths were made for canopies of Live oak (Quercus viriginiana), Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius) and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) in Central Florida. Biophysical and biochemical analyses were conducted and Optimal Passive Ambient Correlation Spectroscopy (OPACS) was utilized to define optimal bands for use in predicting concentrations of biophysical and biochemical parameters.

Keywords: Aerial Photography; Brush (Botany); Endangered Species; Environment Management; Fires; Geographic Information Systems; Ground Cover Plants; Habitats; Kennedy Space Center (FL); Land Use; Merritt Island (FL); Photomapping; Phytogeography; Plants (Botany); Scrub Jay; Thematic Mapping; Vegetation Mapping; Vegetation Surveys;

Abstract: Historical changes in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. In both study sites, forest cover increased and open scrub decreased. Land management practices have profoundly impacted the landscape and have effected habitat suitability for threatened species such as the Florida Scrub-Jay.

Keywords: Birds; Endangered Species; Habitat (Ecology); Kennedy Space Center (FL); Population Density; Scrub Jays; Terrain;

Abstract: Florida Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) demography and cooperative breeding were measured from 1988 to 1993 at two sites (HC and T4) on John F. Kennedy Space Center along Florida's Atlantic coast. The results from HC and T4 sites were compared with published results from the Archibold Biological Station in central Florida.

Keywords: Remote Sensing; Spectral Reflectance; Spectral Signatures; Spectrum Analysis; Water Quality;

Abstract: Bottom reflectance signatures and remotely sensed water reflectance signatures were collected at various stations in the Indian River Lagoon. The bottom reflectance spectra and measured absorption spectra were used in a two flow model to generate surface reflectance spectra. The results of this comparison are discussed, along with a suggested methodology in extracting water quality parameters in optically shallow waters.

Keywords: Absorption Spectroscopy; Estuaries; Remote Sensing; Spectral Reflectance; Spectral Signatures; Spectrum Analysis; Water Quality;

Abstract: This paper reports the results of determinations of specific absorption for suspended sediments, chlorophyll-a and dissolved organic matter in Florida's Space Coast waters by performing regressions between various water quality constituents and second derivative estimators using absorption coefficients and reflectance spectra.

Keywords: Absorption Spectroscopy; Banana River (FL); Indian River Lagoon (FL); Remote Sensing; Spectral Reflectance; Spectral Signatures; Spectrum Analysis; Water Quality;

Abstract: The Banana River, on Florida's east-central coast, is a shallow, non-flowing lagoon that is enclosed by land on its northern, eastern, and western sides, and joins the Indian River Lagoon to the south. It is also open to the ocean at one point, the Cape Canaveral Channel, midway on its eastern side. Reflectance measurements were made using an airborne platform (airplane). The paper describes data collected in 1996 aboard the aircraft which measures both upwelling radiance and downwelling irradiance. Additional reflectance measurements were made using the same sensor system mounted on a boat at five stations in the Banana River, a canal along the river, and in coastal ocean off Cape Canaveral.

Keywords: Brush (Botany); Carbon Dioxide Concentration; Ecosystems; Kennedy Space Center (FL); Merritt Island (FL); Plant Roots; Trees; Vegetation Growth;

Abstract: Atmospheric CO2 concentration is rising and it has been suggested that a portion of the additional carbon is being sequestered in terrestrial vegetation and much of that in below-ground structures. The study quantified the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on fine root length and distribution with depth with minirhizotrons in an open-top chamber experiment in an oak-palmetto scrub ecosystem at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, USA.

Keywords: Carbon Dioxide Concentration; CELSS; Crop Growth; Hydroponics; Plants (Botany); Potatoes; Stomata;

Abstract: Potatoes were grown in a controlled environment under low irradiance and CO2 partial pressures of 50, 100, 500, and 1000 Pa. The highest CO2 partial pressures, 500 and 1000 Pa, reduced tuber yield when compared to 100 Pa CO2. Water uptake was also greatest at the higher CO2 partial pressures. This information should be useful for controlled environments or space life support systems (e.g. space vehicles or habitats), where CO2 partial pressures of 500-1000 Pa are common.

Keywords: Biomass; CELSS; Crop Growth; Hydroponics; Life Support Systems; Nutrients; Potatoes; Reclamation; Recycling; Toxicity;

Abstract: Potato (a CELSS candidate crop) was grown in recirculating hydroponic systems to test the performance of aerobically treated leachate (bioreactor effluent) as a means for nutrient recycling in a CELSS. Results indicated that rapidly degraded, water soluble organic material contained in the inedible biomass, i.e., material in leachate, brought about phytotoxicity in the hydroponic culture of potato.

Keywords: Biomass; CELSS; Diets; Food; Hydroponics; Life Support Systems; Nutrition; Potatoes; Reclamation; Recycling; Space Flight Feeding;

Abstract: CELSS is unique among regenerative systems in that it is the only life-support scenario to include production of human food from renewable resources. Photosynthetic higher plants simultaneously revitalize atmosphere and purify water while producing edible biomass. This analysis emphasizes how realistic human activity and dietary requirements should drive crop selection, cropping proportions, and major resource inputs to the crop production sub-system.

Keywords: Crop Growth; Gravitropism; Infrared Radiation; Light Emitting Diodes; Light Sources; Morphology; Oats; Plants (Botany); Plants, Effect of Light on;

Abstract: Oat seedlings were irradiated with IR light-emitting diode (LED) radiation passed through a visible-light blocking filter. Infrared LED irradiated seedlings exhibited differences in growth and gravitropic response when compared to seedlings grown in darkness at the same temperature. These findings call into question the use of IR LED as a safe-light for some photosensitive plant response experiments.

Keywords: Crop Growth; Gas Analysis; Gas Exchange; Hydroponics; Lettuce; Plants (Botany); Qualitative Analysis; Quantitative Analysis;

Abstract: A system and methodology were developed for the nondestructive qualitative and quantitative analysis of volatile emissions from hydroponically grown 'Waldmann's Green' leaf lettuce (Latuca sativa L.). The volatile collection system developed in this study enabled measurements of volatiles emitted by intact plants, from planting to harvest, under controlled environmental conditions.

Keywords: Carbon Dioxide Concentration; CELSS; Crop Growth; Hydroponics; Lettuce; Nutrients; Plants (Botany); Radishes;

Abstract: Atmospheric carbon-dioxide enrichment is known to affect the yield of lettuce and radish grown in controlled environments, but little is known about CO2 enrichment effects on the chemical composition of lettuce and radish. Lettuce and radish were grown both in the field and in controlled environments and harvested plants were analyzed for proximate composition, total nitrogen, nitrate, free sugars, starch, total dietary fiber, and minerals.

Keywords: CELSS; Crop Growth; Hydroponics; Nutrients; Plants (Botany); Potatoes; Rice; Wheat;

Abstract: Little is known about compositional changes in the nutrient content of crop plants, caused by controlled environments in which plants receive only artificial radiation and soilless, hydroponic culture. Rice, wheat, and white potato were grown both in the field and in controlled environments, and harvested plants were analyzed for proximate composition, total nitrogen, nitrate, minerals and amino-acid composition. Findings suggest that cultivar selection, genetic manipulation, and environmental control could be important to obtain highly nutritious biomass in a CELSS.

Keywords: CELSS; Crop Growth; Hydroponics; Microgravity; Moisture Content; Plants (Botany); Seeds; Space Shuttle Payloads; Spaceborne Experiments; Wheat;

Abstract: The Porous Tube Plant Nutrient Delivery System (PTPNDS), a hydrophilic, microporous ceramic tube hydroponic system designed for microgravity, will be tested in a middeck locker of the Space Shuttle. The flight experiment will focus on hardware operation and assess its ability to support seed germination and early seedling growth in microgravity.

Keywords: Biomass; CELSS; Crop Growth; Life Support Systems; Performance Tests;

Abstract: The Biomass Production Chamber (BPC) located at Kennedy Space Center, FL, USA provides a large, closed environment for crop growth tests for NASA's Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) program. Since the summer of 1988, the chamber has operated on a near-continuous basis without any major failures. Future tests will include long-term crop production studies, tests in which nutrients from waste treatment systems will be used to grow new crops, and multi-species tests.

Keywords: Carbohydrates; CELSS; Life Support Systems; Photochemical Reactions; Plant Photoperiodism; Photosynthesis; Plants (Botany); Plants, Effect of Light on; Potatoes;

Abstract: The effect of photoperiod on net carbon assimilation rate and starch accumulation in newly mature canopy leaves of 'Norland' potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) was determined under high and low photosynthetic photon flux conditions. Results show an apparent limit to the amount of starch that can be stored in potato leaves. If a physiological limit exists for the fixation and transport of carbon, then increasing photoperiod and light intensity under high CO2 conditions is not the most appropriate means to maximize the yield of potatoes.

Keywords: CELSS; Emission; Gases; Lettuce; Organic Compounds; Plant Photoperiodism; Photosynthesis; Plants (Botany); Plants, Effect of Light on; Temperature Effects;

Abstract: To investigate the effects of environment on plant volatile emissions, 'Waldmann's Green' leaf lettuce was cultivated under different levels of photosynthetic photon flux, photoperiod, and temperature. In a CELSS, plants are produced under controlled light and temperature. It is important to evaluate how such environmental variables affect plant volatile emissions.

Keywords: Biomass; CELSS; Chemical Analysis; Crop Growth; Lettuce; Nutrients; Plants (Botany); Potatoes; Soybeans;

Abstract: Edible biomass from four crops of wheat, four crops of lettuce, four crops of potato, and three crops of soybean grown in NASA's CELSS Biomass Production Chamber were analyzed for proximate composition. Results of these proximate analyses provide a starting information base for the nutrient composition of candidate crops grown under controlled environment conditions that might be used in a CELSS.

Keywords: Air Purification; Air Quality; CELSS; Environmental Control; Gas Exchange; Life Support Systems; Photosynthesis; Plants (Botany); Recycling; Spacecraft Cabin Atmospheres;

Abstract: The use of plants for O2 production, food production, and CO2 removal in life support systems holds great promise. Because the issue of edible biomass (food) is critical to CELSS, it is likely that higher plants would have a major role in any bioregenerative life support system. Management of gas balances in a plant-based CELSS also must consider waste management strategies and the degree of system closure. In all cases, plants with a high harvest index (i.e., high proportion of edible biomass) are highly desirable, to maximize carbon cycling through the human food chain.

Keywords: Crop Growth; Life Support Systems; Microgravity; Plants (Botany); Potatoes; Space Flight; Space Shuttle Payloads; STS-73; United State Microgravity Laboratory-2;

Abstract: Five potato leaf cuttings were flown as a part of the 16-day mission of STS-73. Four out of the five space-grown cuttings produced tubers that were similar in appearance and dimension to ground control tubers.

Keywords: Chronology; Space Shuttles; Solid Rocket Boosters; Hubble Space Telescope; Awards; Contracts; Astronauts; Launches; Management; Space Stations; Histories; Cape Kennedy Launch Complex; NASA Space Programs; Space Shuttle Missions; Spacecraft Launching

Abstract: This document is intended to serve as a record of KSC events and as a reference source for historians and other researchers. Arrangement is by day and month and individual articles are attributed to published sources.

Keywords: Flowmeters; Cryogenic Fluids; Data Acquisition; Flames; Gas Detectors; Instruments; Infrared Detectors; Leakage; Research and Development; Technology Transfer; Ultrasonics; Ultraviolet Detectors.

Abstract: Presented at "34th Annual Space Congress".

Keywords: Air Sampling; Dilution; Gas Detectors; Hypergolic Rocket Propellants; Kennedy Space Center (FL); Orbiter Processing Facility.

Abstract: Hardware was developed to dilute vapor samples of hypergolic propellants (with air) into the range of existing instruments for detection of such toxic vapors. The sample-diluters were successful in diluting concentrated hypergolic propellant vapors into the ranges of existing TLV detectors. Presented at Joint Army, Navy, NASA, Air Force (JANNAF) Conference, held in Sunnyvale, California March 18-21, 1997.

Keywords: Dosimeters; Exposure; Gas Detectors; Hypergolic Rocket Propellants; Kennedy Space Center (FL); Readers;

Abstract: The collection and archiving of data from personnel dosimeters has become increasingly important since threshold limit values (TLV) for hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine, and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine have been lowered. An automated system of reading the exposure levels of personnel dosimeters and storing the data for subsequent evaluation was developed. Presented at Joint Army, Navy, NASA, Air Force (JANNAF) Conference, held in Sunnyvale, California March 18-21, 1997.

Keywords: Acoustics; Cantilever Beams; Ground Support Equipment; Launch Effects; Launch Vehicles; Launching Pads; Loads (Forces); Random Vibration; Rocket Engine Noise; Rocket Exhaust; Solid Rocket Boosters; Space Shuttle Main Engine; Vibration; Vibratory Loads

Abstract: This paper presents a brief overview of recently completed research in the area of rocket noise and resulting dynamic behavior of launch pad structures. To gain accurate insight into the vibratory behavior of these structures, dynamic tests were integrated into the design process. Aspects of the acoustic load characterization procedure and the test-analysis correlation of random vibration structural response in the low frequency range (1 to 50 hertz) are presented.

Keywords: Cape Canaveral Air Station (FL); Kennedy Space Center (FL); Meteorological Instruments; Meteorology; Weather; Weather Forecasting; Wind (Meteorology);

Abstract: This paper describes the Applied Meteorology Unit's (AMU) efforts to install, configure, and test a local analysis system which assimilates all available data within 160 km of the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and the Cape Canaveral Air Station (CCAS).The goal for running a local data integration system (LDIS) is to generate products which may enhance weather nowcasts and short range (< 6 h) forecasts issued in support of 45th Weather Squadron, Spaceflight Meteorology Group, and National Weather Service Melbourne operational weather requirements.

Keywords: Acoustics; Cantilever Beams; Ground Support Equipment; Launch Effects; Launch Vehicles; Launching Pads; Loads (Forces); Random Vibration; Rocket Engine Noise; Rocket Exhaust; Solid Rocket Boosters; Space Shuttle Main Engine; Vibration; Vibratory Loads;

Abstract: The problem of structural vibroacoustic response of ground support equipment to intense rocket acoustics is investigated. The nonstationary transient response of the Verification Test Article (VETA) when subjected to random acoustic excitation was studied. The VETA is an instrumented cantilever beam that was exposed to acoustic loading during five Space Shuttle Launches. Presented at the 5th International Congress on Sound and Vibration held at the University of Adelaide, South Australia, on December 15-18, 1997.

Keywords: Cape Canaveral Air Station (FL); Kennedy Space Center (FL); Risk; Space Shuttle Orbiters; Spacecraft Launching; Titan Launch Vehicles; Wind Direction; Wind Profiles; Wind Velocity;

Abstract: This note examines the consequences of the lognormality of the wind-change distribution for risk analysis of launch wind changes. Published in "Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets" Volume 35, Number 1, Pages 111-112.

Keywords: Organic Compounds; Volatile Organic Compounds; Spacecraft Environments; Aerospace Environments; Closed Ecological Systems; Bioregeneration; Space Habitats; Spacecraft Cabin Atmospheres

Abstract: Bioregenerative life support systems (BLSS) being considered for long duration space flight missions will operate with limited resupply and utilize biological systems to revitalize the atmosphere, purify water, and produce food. The presence of man-made materials, plants and microbial communities, and human activities will result in the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). A database of VOC production from potential BLSS crops is being developed by the Breadboard Project at Kennedy Space Center. Most research to date has focused on the development of air revitalization systems that minimize the concentration of atmospheric contaminants in a closed environment. Similar approaches are being pursued in the design of atmospheric revitalization systems in bioregenerative life support systems. In a BLSS one must consider the effect of VOC concentration on the performance of plants being used for water and atmospheric purification processes. In addition to phytotoxic responses, the impact of removing biogenic compounds from the atmosphere on BLSS function needs to be assessed. This paper provides a synopsis of criteria for setting exposure limits, gives an overview of existing information, and discusses production of biogenic compounds from plants grown in the Biomass Production Chamber at Kennedy Space Center. This paper was published in Adv. Space Res., Vol. 20, No. 10, pp.1913-1922, 1997.

Keywords: Potatoes; Spacecraft Environments; Aerospace Environments; Plants (Botany); Closed Ecological Systems; Bioregeneration; Food Production (in space); Space Habitats

Abstract: Five potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) leaf cuttings were flown on STS-73 in late October, 1995 as part of the 16-day USML-2 mission. Preflight studies were conducted to study tuber growth, determine carbohydrate concentrations, and examine the developing starch grains within the tuber. This paper was published in Life Support & Biosphere Science, Vol. 4, pp.71-76, 1997.

Keywords: Biodegradation; Biomass; Bioreactors; CELSS; Closed Ecological Systems; Decomposition; Life Support Systems; Microorganisms; Plants (Botany); Recycling; Waste Management

Abstract: The focus of resource recovery research at the KSC-CELSS Breadboard Project has been the evaluation of microbiologically mediated biodegradation of crop residues by manipulation of bioreactor process and environmental variables. This paper was published in Adv.Space Res., Vol. 20, No. 10, pp. 2023-2028, 1997.

Keywords: Biodegradation; Biomass; Bioreactors; CELSS; Closed Ecological Systems; Decomposition; Life Support Systems; Microorganisms; Plants (Botany); Recycling; Waste Management

Abstract: Research undertaken at KSC investigated the feasibility for utilization of anaerobic degradative processes for mineral recycling and secondary food production from CELSS crop residues. This paper was published in Adv.Space Res., Vol. 20, No. 10, pp. 2009-2015, 1997.

Keywords: Carbon Dioxide Concentration; CELSS; Crop Growth; Life Support Systems; Nutrients; Plants (Botany); Tomatoes

Abstract: A series of experiments was conducted in NASA Kennedy Space Center plant growth chambers to study the influence of CO2 concentrations on the nutritional and elemental composition of tomato fruit. This paper was published in Adv. Space Res., Vol. 20, No. 10, pp. 1975-1978, 1997.

Keywords: Carbon Dioxide Concentration; CELSS; Crop Growth; Daytime; Life Support Systems; Plants (Botany); Potatoes; Sunlight;

Abstract: Although control of photoperiod on a large scale in the field is impractical, it is easily practiced in controlled environments, such as those that might be used for 'seed' tuber production, or closed ecological life support systems (CELSS) proposed for space habitats. To test whether long days followed by short days, or short days followed by long days, are most favorable for tuber production in potato (S. tuberosum), a controlled study was conducted in which potato plants were moved between long- and short-day rooms at different stages of development. The study was repeated with enriched CO2 levels, because evidence from controlled environment studies suggests that benefits of CO2 enrichment for potato are dependent on both photoperiod and total irradiance. This paper was published in Annals of Botany, 79, 529-533, 1997.

Keywords: Aerial Photography; Geographic Information Systems; Ground Cover Plants; Land Use; Merritt Island (FL); Photomapping; Phytogeography; Plants (Botany); Thematic Mapping; Vegetation Mapping; Vegetation Surveys;

Abstract: Two methods for modeling 1920's landcover were applied to the Courtney 7.5 minute quadrangle on Merritt Island, Florida. Both methods are logical approaches to modeling historical landcover but produced very different results for our study area.

Keywords: Estuaries; Fisheries; Habitats; Hydrology; Indian River Lagoon (FL); Marshlands; Plants (Botany); Reconstruction; Wetlands;

Abstract: Salt marshes of the Indian River Lagoon, Florida (USA) were once prolific producers of mosquitoes. To control mosquito production, most of the salt marshes (over 16,000 ha) were impounded by the early 1970s. Impounding had a profoundly negative effect on the wetland plant, fish, and invertebrate communities. When tidal exchange is restored through hydrologic connection, usually by culverts installed through the perimeter dike, recovery to more natural conditions is often rapid.

Keywords: Birds; Census; Indian River Lagoon (FL); Kennedy Space Center (FL); Marshlands; Merritt Island (FL); Population Density;

Abstract: Variable circular plots were used to quantify avian composition and abundance in an unimpounded salt marsh. There were 31 avian species of conservation concern observed using the marsh for resting, feeding, or breeding. A high species richness (89 species) and density of birds (15 birds per ha) used the marsh.

Keywords: Animal Marking; Brush (Botany); Burrowing Animals; Gopher Tortoise; Habitats; Kennedy Space Center (FL); Surveys; Turtles;

Abstract: Data from 10 male and 4 female radiotagged gopher tortoises on the Kennedy Space Center were analyzed to determine home range sizes, the number of burrows used by each individual, and the preferential use of habitats within the home ranges.

Keywords: Biodegradation; Biomass; Bioreactors; CELSS; Closed Ecological Systems; Decomposition; Life Support Systems; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Plants (Botany); Recycling; Reliability; Stability; Waste Management;

Abstract: Bioregenerative resource recovery components for Advanced Life Support systems will need to be reliable and stable for long duration space travel. Bioregenerative life support research has examined processing of nutrients for replenishment of crop hydroponic solutions. Bioreactors have demonstrated stability following unplanned, non-lethal perturbations in pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and inedible residue supply.

Keywords: Crop Growth; Microgravity; Plants (Botany); Potatoes; Space Flight; Space Shuttle Payloads; STS-73;

Abstract: Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Norland) explants, consisting of a leaf, axillary bud, and small stem segment, were used as a model system to study the influence of spaceflight on the formation of sessile tubers from axillary buds. The explants were flown on the space shuttle Columbia (STS-73). Gravity was not required to produce a tuber of typical structure.

Keywords: CELSS; Closed Ecological Systems; Life Support Systems; Mass Balance; Mathematical Models; Nitrogen;

Abstract: A mathematical model of the nitrogen cycle in a bioregenerative life support system (BLSS) was developed to help conceptualize and quantify nitrogen flux and storage in BLSS processes and subsystems.

Keywords: CELSS; Crop Growth; Food Production (In Space); Hydroponics; Life Support Systems; Nutrients; Plants (Botany); Wheat;

Abstract: NASA is conducting studies at the Kennedy Space Center, on procedures for growing plants for gravitational research, as well as for bioregenerative life support for humans during long-term space missions. A reliable nutrient delivery system is essential for long-term cultivation of plants in space.

Keywords: Lightning; Position (Location); Predictions; Radio Frequencies; Research and Development; Safety; Technology Transfer; Thunderstorms; Weather Forecasting

Abstract: NASA, at the John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC), developed and operates a unique precision lightning locations system to provide lightning related weather warnings. These warnings are used to stop lightning-sensitive operations such as space vehicle launches and ground operations where equipment and personnel are at risk. The data is provided to the Range Weather Operations [45th Weather Squadron, U. S. Air Force (USAF)] where it is used with other meteorological data to issue weather advisories and warnings for Cape Canaveral Air Station (CCAS) and KSC operations. This system called Lightning Detection and Ranging (LDAR), provides users with a graphical display in three dimensions of 66 MHz radio frequency events generated by lightning processes. The locations of these events provide a sound basis for the prediction of lightning hazards. NASA and Global Atmospherics, Inc. are developing a new system that will replace the unique LDAR components with commercially available and maintainable components having improved capabilities. These components will be phased in to ensure full continuity and access to this important warning technology. These LDAR systems are expected to eventually be available for installation and use by the public at specialized facilities, such as airports, and for general weather warnings via the National Weather Service (NWS) or television broadcast. The NWS in Melbourne has had access to real-time LDAR data since 1993 on an experimental basis. This use of LDAR has shown promise for the improvement of aviation forecasts and severe weather warnings. More so, it has opened the door to investigate the feasibility of issuing lightning-related public advisories. The success of its early use suggests that this technology may improve safety and potentially save lives, therefore constituting a significant benefit to the public. This paper describes the LDAR system, the plans and progress of these upgrades, and the potential public benefits of its use. Presented at "35th Annual Space Congress".

Keywords: Industrial Engineering; Kennedy Space Center; Process Control; Production Engineering; Technology Transfer

Abstract: Published in "Industrial Engineering Solutions"

Keywords: Cape Canaveral Air Station (FL); Kennedy Space Center (FL); Meteorological Instruments; Meteorology; Precipitation (Meteorology); Thunderstorms; Weather; Weather Forecasting; Wind (Meteorology);

Abstract: An objective verification of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) 29-km eta model from May 1996 through January 1998 is described. Overall verification results presented here and in part II should establish a reasonable benchmark from which model users and developers may pursue ongoing eta model verification strategies in the future.

Keywords: Cape Canaveral Air Station (FL); Florida; Kennedy Space Center (FL); Meteorological Instruments; Meteorology; Precipitation (Meteorology); Thunderstorms; Weather; Weather Forecasting; Wind (Meteorology);

Abstract: A subjective evaluation of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction 29-km (meso-) eta model during the 1996 warm (May-August) and cool (October-January) seasons is described. The overall evaluation assessed the utility of the model for operational weather forecasting by the U.S. Air Force 45th Weather Squadron, National Weather Service (NWS) Spaceflight Meteorology Group (SMG) and NWS Office in Melbourne, FL.

Keywords: Biological Diversity; Conservation; Endangered Species; Environment Management; Kennedy Space Center (FL); Priorities;

Abstract: 108 Resident and migratory wildlife taxa on John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) were identified. Taxa were ranked by vulnerability to local, regional, or global extinction, their potential role for maintaining faunal integrity and the relevance of KSC for maintaining their populations in the United States and Florida.

Keywords: Ammonia; Confined Spaces; Freon; Gas Detectors; Hydrazines; Hydrogen; Hypergolic Rocket Propellants; Kennedy Space Center (FL); Monitors; Nitrogen Dioxide; Oxygen; Performance Tests; Safety; Safing; Selection; Space Shuttle Orbiters; Vapors;

Abstract: During confined space entry operations as well as Shuttle-safing operations, United Space Alliance (USA)/National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) safety personnel use a variety of portable instrumentation to monitor for hazardous levels of compounds such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), monomethylhydrazine (MMH), FREON 21, ammonia (NH3), oxygen (O2), and combustibles (as hydrogen (H2)). The instruments detect only one compound each. This paper describes the evaluation and testing process to select multi-gas analyzers for use at KSC.

Keywords: Checkout; Computer Programs; Expert Systems; Leakage; Orbital Maneuvering Subsystem; Preflight Operations; Single Stage to Orbit Vehicles; Space Shuttle Orbiters; Spacecraft Maintenance; Systems Health Monitoring; X-33 Reusable Launch Vehicle;

Abstract: Characteristic of the normal post-flight checkout operations for a reusable vehicle such as Shuttle is the manpower and ground support equipment (GSE) intensive process for recertifying the vehicle for flight. The Shuttle OMS/RCS, which has some of the most stringent operational checkout requirements, was chosen to demonstrate the potential benefit of advanced IVHM technology.

Keywords: Bird-song; Birds; Census; Florida; Playbacks; Population Density; Tape Recorders;

Abstract: The response of radio-tagged Black Rails to taped playback of vocalizations was monitored at 2 sites in Florida. The study refined tape playback census techniques for this poorly known species by documenting the frequency of response to tape playback and movement before vocal response. The relation between the number of Black rails heard during playback surveys to the actual number present was influenced by a number of variables. We recommend caution when making density estimates from tape playback surveys.

Keywords: Biodegradation; Bioprocessing; Bioreactors; Hydroponics; Life Support Systems; Nutrients; Recycling; Wheat;

Abstract: The KSC breadboard scale aerobic bioreactor was used to bioprocess inedible wheat crop residues to provide recycled nutrients to support crop growth in the JSC variable pressure growth chamber as part of the 91 day JSC-Lunar/Mars Life Support Test Project Phase III. Results indicated a successful utilization of recycled plant nutrients under conditions of the L/MSTP Phase III test.

Keywords: Crop Growth; Life Support Systems; Microgravity; Plants (Botany); Potatoes; Space Flight; Space Shuttle Payloads; STS-73;

Abstract: Potato explant, consisting of a leaf, axillary bud, and small segment of stem will develop a tuber in 10-14 days when grown on earth. Explants, in a plant growth chamber designed for spaceflight, were flown on the space shuttle Columbia (STS-73). The same events occurred to ground control explants with approximately the same timing. At the end of the 16-day mission, tubers were present on each explant returned to earth.

Keywords: CELSS; Crop Growth; Hydroponics; Life Support Systems; Nutrients; Peanuts; Recycling;

Abstract: Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants were grown hydroponically, using continuously recirculating nutrient solution. Two culture trays designs were tested. Peanut seed yields averaged 350 gm-2 dry mass, regardless of tray design.

Keywords: Atlas Launch Vehicles; Cape Canaveral Air Station (FL); Delta Launch Vehicle; Environment Effects; Environmental Monitoring; Launch Effects; Noise (Sound); Plants (Botany); Rocket Exhaust; Spacecraft Launching; Titan Launch Vehicles; Vegetation; Wildlife;

Abstract: Launches of Delta, Atlas, and titan rockets from Cape Canaveral Air Station (CCAS) have potential environmental effects that could arise from direct impacts of the launch exhaust, deposition of exhaust products of the solid rocket motors, or other effects such as noise. This report contains: a review of previous reports, environmental assessments, and environmental impact statements for the 3 vehicles and pad areas; a summary of observed effects of 15 Delta, 22 Atlas, and 8 Titan launches; and a spatial database of the distribution of effects from individual launches and cumulative effects of launches.